Kingdom Fungi

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Zoopagomycota is the sister of Mucoromycota+ Dikarya. It comprises three subphyla: Zoopagomycotina, Kickxellomycotina, and Entomophthoromycotina.      The primary ecologies of members of the phylum include pathogens and commensals of animals, parasites of other fungi and amoebae, and rarely, as plant associates. The phylogenetic placement of Zoopagomycota as sister to the remainder of non flagellated fungi is important for numerous reasons, but two are highlighted here.       First, diversification with animals and nonplant hosts occurred at least as early as diversification with terrestrial plants. This suggests that fungi were among the first terrestrial organisms and that fossils of the first land animals should be examined with greater scrutiny for fungal associations, potentially providing a more complete picture of early terrestrial fungi.       Second, the loss of the flagellum in fungi corresponds to other modifications, including the loss of the centriole. Most non flagellated

 Chytridiomycetes are water-inhabiting fungi, often parasitic on algae and oomycetes, or soil inhabitants, some of which are parasitic on vascular plants.  A few chytrids parasitize animal eggs and protozoa, while others are saprobic on the decaying remains of plants. Multigene phylogenetic analyses, new culture techniques, and additional collections of Chytridiomycetes have revealed greater diversity and led to increased numbers of orders in which to classify about 700 species in under 90 genera.  Today there are 10 described orders of Chytridiomycetes: Chytridiales, Spizellomycetales, Cladochytriales, Rhizophydiales, Polychytriales, Rhizophlyctidales, Lobulomycetales, Synchytriales, Gromochytriales, and Mesochytriales.  An exemplar life cycle is that of Chytriomyces hyalinus, which forms a well-developed rhizoidal system within its substrate. The sporangium that develops from the encysted zoospore has a saucer-shaped operculum from which zoospores escape into a fibrous vesicle of ove

 Cryptomycota plus Microsporidia are sisters to the remaining lineages of Kingdom Fungi. (Note: Rozellomycota is another name for Cryptomycota based on the genus Rozella and the principle of autotypification.  Cryptomyces is a genus in Ascomycota and cannot be used to typify Cryptomycota.) Cryptomycota consists of a handful of described taxa and taxa that are known only from environmental samples. One described taxon is Rozella, a biotrophic intracellular parasite of other zoosporic fungi of Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota and oomycetes of the kingdom Stramenopila.  There are few additionally described genera and species of Cryptomycota, but environmental sampling using molecular markers has revealed a phylogenetically diverse assemblage of fungi detected in soils, marine, and freshwater sediments, and oxygen-depleted environments. Some environmental Cryptomycota produces zoospores with a single, smooth flagellum, but chitin, a cell wall carbohydrate produced by most fungi, was

  Physoderma  is a  genus  of  chytrid  fungi. Described by German botanist  Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth  in 1833, the genus contains some species that are  parasitic  on vascular plants, including  P. alfalfae  and  P. maydis , causative agents of crown wart of alfalfa and brown spot of corn, respectively. [3]  Of the chytrid genera,  Physoderma  is the oldest. [4]  However, species were confused with the  rust fungi , the genus  Synchytrium , and the genus  Protomyces  of  Ascomycota . [5]  Members of  Physoderma  are  obligate parasites  of  pteridophytes  and  angiosperms . [4]  There are approximately 80 species within this genus (depending on whether one includes those traditionally belonging to  Urophlyctis ). [5] Taxonomic History [ edit ] The genus was erected in 1833 on the basis of resting spore development  [4] [5]  and included 6 species. [6]  Unfortunately, his original diagnosis was very similar to that of  Protomyces , which led others to place species in the wrong